Bibliography

FULL SOURCE LIST USED IN THIS PROJECT


Allan, Steven, and Paul Gilbert. “A social comparison scale: Psychometric Properties and relationship to psychopathology.” Personality and Individual Differences, vol. 19, no. 3, Sept. 1995, pp. 293–299, https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(95)00086-l.
 

Kein. “Sciendo.” Self-Competition versus Internal Competition, intapi.sciendo.com/pdf/10.2478/v10141-009-0038-5. Accessed 29 Oct. 2024. https://intapi.sciendo.com/pdf/10.2478/v10141-009-0038-5


Phillips, Carron J. “Deadspin: Like ‘thug’ and ‘Woke’ - ‘Classless’ Is the New Way to Call Black People the N-Word.” Deadspin.Com, Deadspin, deadspin.com/lsu-iowa-angel-reese-classless-caitlin-clark-trash-talk-1850293837/. Accessed 28 Oct. 2024. 



Taylor, DeAnna. “There’s a Double Standard in the WNBA & It’s Not Angel Reese’s - or Caitlin Clark’s - Fault.” WNBA’s Racism Bias: Why Reese and Clark Aren’t at Fault, www.refinery29.com/en-us/2024/10/11789800/wnba-racism-controversy-angel-reese-caitlin-clark. Accessed 28 Oct. 2024. 



Kalra, Ashish, et al. “‘A Little Competition Goes a Long Way’: Substitutive Effects of Emotional Intelligence and Workplace Competition on Salesperson Creative Selling - Marketing Letters.” SpringerLink, Springer US, 29 Oct. 2021, link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11002-021-09599-z. 

Klynn, Bethany. “How to Handle Internal Competition: Lead Read Today.” Lead Read Today | Fisher College of Business, 22 Sept. 2020, fisher.osu.edu/blogs/leadreadtoday/how-handle-internal-competition. 

Kein. “Sciendo.” Self-Competition versus Internal Competition, intapi.sciendo.com/pdf/10.2478/v10141-009-0038-5. Accessed 29 Oct. 2024. 

Robinson, Erin. “Workplace Competition: Why We Compete at Work.” Hogan Assessments, 16 Apr. 2024, www.hoganassessments.com/blog/workplace-competition-why-we-compete-at-work/. 



Foster, Gaby. “Opinion: Club Sports Have Gone Too Far - M-A Chronicle.” M-A Chronicle, 25 May 2024, machronicle.com/opinion-club-sports-have-gone-too-far/. 

Friedman, Herbert L. “Culture and Adolescent Development.” Journal of Adolescent Health, July 1999, www.jahonline.org/article/S1054-139X(99)00047-6/fulltext. 

Gattis, Courtney, and Matt Moore. “A Conceptual Analysis of Maltreatment in Sports: A Sport Social Work Perspective.” Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, U.S. National Library of Medicine, 3 Nov. 2022, pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9669431/. 

Glik, Rachel. “The Competitive Couple: How to Avoid This Toxic Dynamic.” Dr. Rachel Glik, Dr. Rachel Glik, 27 July 2018, www.drrachelglik.com/blog-posts/2018/7/26/the-competitive-couple-how-to-avoid-this-toxic-dynamic. 

Moses, Ginny. “Competitive Youth Sports and the Rise of Overuse, Burnout, and Career-Ending Injury.” PIT Journal, 2015, pitjournal.unc.edu/2023/01/12/competitive-youth-sports-and-the-rise-of-overuse-burnout-and-career-ending-injury/. 

“Sports Psychologist Demographics and Statistics [2024]: Number of Sports Psychologists in the US.” Sports Psychologist Demographics and Statistics [2024]: Number Of Sports Psychologists In The US, 5 Apr. 2024, www.zippia.com/sports-psychologist-jobs/demographics/. 

Stenson, Jacqueline. “Pushing Too Hard Too Young.” NBCNews.Com, NBCUniversal News Group, 29 Apr. 2004, www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna4556235. 

“Youth Sports Facts: Participation Rates.” Project Play, 2023, projectplay.org/youth-sports/facts/participation-rates. 

Bassett, Abigail. “Why More and More Companies Post Fake Jobs and Actually Interview Candidates for Them.” Observer, 10 July 2024, observer.com/2024/07/ghost-jobs-interview-employer-motivation/#:~:text=A%20survey%20by%20ResumeBuilder%20last,staffing%20world%2C%20it%27s%20not%20new. 

Demiral, Elif E., and Johanna Mollerstrom. “Competitiveness and Employability.” Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics, North-Holland, 2 Apr. 2024, www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214804324000478?via%3Dihub. 

Ferguson, Stephanie, and Makinizi Hoover. “Understanding America’s Labor Shortage: The Most Impacted Industries.” U.S. Chamber of Commerce, U.S. Chamber of Commerce, 15 Oct. 2024,
www.uschamber.com/workforce/understanding-americas-labor-shortage-the-most-impacted-industries. 

Kelly, Jack. “With Fewer Jobs Available, Competition Intensifies for White-Collar Workers.” Forbes, Forbes Magazine, 25 Sept. 2024, www.forbes.com/sites/jackkelly/2024/09/10/with-fewer-jobs-available-competition-intensifies-for-white-collar-workers/#. 

“United States Employment Rate.” Trading Economics, 2024, tradingeconomics.com/united-states/employment-rate#:~:text=Employment%20Rate%20in%20the%20United%20States%20averaged%2059.25%20percent%20from,U.S.%20Bureau%20of%20Labor%20Statistics. 

Yong, Jose C., et al. “Interactive Effects of Intrasexual Competitiveness, Same-Sex Competition, and Physical Attractiveness on Temporal Discounting.” Personality and Individual Differences, vol. 232, Jan. 2025. EBSCOhost, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2024.112843.

Zhang, Peilu, et al. “Social Roles and Competitiveness: My Willingness to Compete Depends on Who I Am (Supposed to Be).” Games and Economic Behavior, Academic Press, 21 Nov. 2023, www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0899825623001756?via%3Dihub. 

Niederle, Muriel, and Lise Vesterlund. Do Women Shy Away from Competition? Do Men Compete ..., Aug. 2007, web.stanford.edu/~niederle/Niederle.Vesterlund.QJE.2007.pdf. 

Wilkinson, Richard G., and Kate E. Pickett. “The enemy between us: The psychological and social costs of inequality.” European Journal of Social Psychology, vol. 47, no. 1, Feb. 2017, pp. 11–24, https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2275. 

Bowker, Anne, and Leanne C Findley. “The Link between Competitive Sport Participation and Self-Concept in Early Adolescence: A Consideration of Gender and Sport Orientation | Request PDF.” The Link between Competitive Sport Participation and Self-Concept in Early Adolescence: A Consideration of Gender and Sport Orientation, www.researchgate.net/publication/26699795_The_Link_between_Competitive_Sport_Participation_and_Self-concept_in_Early_Adolescence_A_Consideration_of_Gender_and_Sport_Orientation. Accessed 29 Oct. 2024. 

Oyserman, Daphna, and Mesmin Destin. “Identity-Based Motivation: Implications for Intervention.” The Counseling Psychologist, U.S. National Library of Medicine, Oct. 2010, pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3079278/. 

Learning Preferences and Motivation of Different Ability Students for Social-Competition 

or Self-Competition 

Author(s): Zhi-Hong Chen 

Source: Journal of Educational Technology & Society, Vol. 17, No. 1, Game Based Learning for 21st Century Transferable Skills: Challenges and Opportunities (January 2014), pp. 

283-293 

Published by: International Forum of Educational Technology & Society 

Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/jeductechsoci.17.1.283 

Kalra, Ashish, et al. “‘A Little Competition Goes a Long Way’: Substitutive Effects of Emotional Intelligence and Workplace Competition on Salesperson Creative Selling - Marketing Letters.” SpringerLink, Springer US, 29 Oct. 2021, link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11002-021-09599-z. 

Klynn, Bethany. “How to Handle Internal Competition: Lead Read Today.” Lead Read Today | Fisher College of Business, 22 Sept. 2020, fisher.osu.edu/blogs/leadreadtoday/how-handle-internal-competition. 

Kein. “Sciendo.” Self-Competition versus Internal Competition, intapi.sciendo.com/pdf/10.2478/v10141-009-0038-5. Accessed 29 Oct. 2024. 

Robinson, Erin. “Workplace Competition: Why We Compete at Work.” Hogan Assessments, 16 Apr. 2024, www.hoganassessments.com/blog/workplace-competition-why-we-compete-at-work/. 

Smith, Chris, director. Operation Varsity Blues. Netflix, 2021. 

Sommet, Nicolas, et al. “Income Inequality Predicts Competitiveness and Cooperativeness at School.” Journal of Educational Psychology, vol. 115, no. 1, Jan. 2023, pp. 173–91. EBSCOhost, https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000731.


“Health Consequences of Youth Sport Specialization | Journal of Athletic Training.” Journal of Athletic Training, meridian.allenpress.com/jat/article/54/10/1040/420868/Health-Consequences-of-Youth-Sport-Specialization. Accessed 7 Apr. 2025.


“63X30.” Project Play, projectplay.org/63x30. Accessed 7 Apr. 2025. 

Guidelines, Pitching. “Pitch Smart: Guidelines.” MLB.Com, www.mlb.com/pitch-smart/pitching-guidelines. Accessed 7 Apr. 2025. 

Jayanthi, Neeru A., et al. “Health Consequences of Youth Sport Specialization.” Journal of Athletic Training, vol. 54, no. 10, 1 Oct. 2019, pp. 1040–1049, https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-380-18


“Alexis Peters - Freelance Contributor | CBC.” CBCnews, CBC/Radio Canada, www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/author/alexis-peters-1.6580567. Accessed 8 Apr. 2025. 

“Alexis Peters: MRU.” Mount Royal University, www.mtroyal.ca/ProgramsCourses/FacultiesSchoolsCentres/Arts/Departments/SociologyAnthropology/Faculty/AlexisPeters.htm. Accessed 8 Apr. 2025. 

“Personality Tests That Predict Performance.” Hogan Assessments, 7 Oct. 2024, www.hoganassessments.com/. 

Price, Alan. “When a Competitive Workplace Culture Turns Toxic.” Forbes, Forbes Magazine, 13 Aug. 2024, www.forbes.com/councils/forbeshumanresourcescouncil/2022/11/03/when-a-competitive-workplace-culture-turns-toxic/. 

Rose, Emily. “Where Did All the ‘Real’ Jobs Go?” Medium, Medium, 27 Apr. 2021, emily92rochester.medium.com/where-did-all-the-real-jobs-go-17c07b43ce6f. 

Heidi Shierholz is a senior economist and the director of policy at the Economic Policy Institute and a former chief economist at the U.S. Department of Labor.        Read more by Heidi Shierholz, et al. “The Future of Real Jobs: A Prospect Roundtable.” The American Prospect, 14 May 2019, prospect.org/economy/future-real-jobs-prospect-roundtable/. 

Horowitz, Juliana Menasce. “How Americans View Their Jobs.” Pew Research Center, Pew Research Center, 30 Mar. 2023, www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2023/03/30/how-americans-view-their-jobs/.


Andrew Martin | Professor (Full) | Phd | UNSW Sydney, Sydney | UNSW | Research Profile, www.researchgate.net/profile/Andrew-Martin-22. Accessed 8 Apr. 2025.

Dr. Robert Hogan “Biology of competition”

Interviewed by Casey Arsenault via Zoom, Saint Michael's College, 

November 2024

Nick Murphy, University of Vermont “Mental wellbeing in sport”

Interviewed by Alex Wiess, Saint Michael’s College

November 2025

Alexis Peters, Mount Royal University  “Hegemonic Masculinity in Sport”

Interviewed by Casey Arsenault via Zoom, Saint Michael’s College

January 2025

Richard Wilknson, University of Nottingham “Income Inequality”

Interviewed by Alex Weiss via Zoom, Saint Michael’s College,

February 2025

Dr. Doug Stillwell, Drake University “Classroom Competition”

Interviewed by Christina Cummings via Zoom, Saint Michael's College

February 2025

Andrew J. Matin, University of New South Wales “Fear of Failure”

Interviewed by Alex Weiss via Zoom, Saint Michael’s College 

February 2025

Pond Hockey Classic Vox Pop “Is this healthy competition”

Interviewed by Casey Arsenault and Christina Cummings, Colchester Vermont

February 2025

Chauncey Morgan, Plymouth State University Alpine Skiing  “College Sports”

Interviewed by Casey Arsenault, Saint Michael’s College,

February 2025

On the street Vox Pop “Have you experienced burnout”

Interviewed by Casey Arsenault, Christina Cummings, and Alex Weiss, Burlington, Vermont

March 2025

Connor Daley,  “You vs Yourself”

Interviewed by Casey Arsenault, Saint Michael’s College

March 2025

“Deebo Samuel 2024 Season Highlights.” YouTube, NFL, Jan. 2025, www.youtube.com/watch?v=owzZfZCPXDc&t=54s

“Donald Trump: The Art of the Insult.” YouTube, The Wall Street Journal, Aug. 2015, www.youtube.com/watch?v=JZRXESV3R74

“Dr Robert Hogan - Leadership, Humility and Competition.” YouTube, The Innovation Show with Aidan McCullen, June 2023, youtu.be/OfyBUH883Sk?si=uMCcX25HZjHcwwiO

“Icelandic Arpeggios.” Youtube, DivKid, December 2021, https://youtu.be/pxoq8jEGbBo?si=i8NH8pIBNjjtaqWh 

“Personality and the Fate of Organizations by Dr Robert Hogan |TechHRSG’19|.” YouTube, PeopleMattersOnline, Mar. 2019, youtu.be/RbrvngY-YLM?si=88HL4fRedrUc1eYm

“Robert Hogan on Personality Psychology.” YouTube, APSHoganUK, February 2024, youtu.be/3g2Y6rljc-E?si=lc-pbo3c5hg7AHIQ

Nature and Animal Stock Video Courtesy of Pond5 (Science_Video, jamejones, CIVID, lenor, RyanJanssens, alexeys, UnikaFilms, Rashevskyi, panya_99, charlespacque, jimWitkowski, thememphiskid, eei_tony, VIDEODIVE, CinematicStockVideo, Viesinsh, buteoarg, WillFalcon, artush)

“acoustic guitar sad melancholy” music courtesy of jjamesjrums, Pond5. 

Animation images generated using AI by Adobe Firefly and Adobe Express.

“Basketball Bounce Sound Effect” courtesy of N Beats.

“Brass horn fanfare - charge!” sound effect courtesy of Epic Stock Media.

“Chase Waves” music courtesy of Karneef, Youtube Audio Library.

“Click Sound Effect” courtesy of Creator Assets. 

“Door Creaking Sound Effect” courtesy of Sound FX. 

“Dreamer” music courtesy of DivKid, Youtube Audio Library. 

“Dusk” music courtesy of DivKid, Youtube Audio Library. 

“Equillibrium” music courtesy of Brock Hewitt, Pond5. 

“Get Over It” music courtesy of Everet Almond, Youtube Audio Library. 

Goodwin, Dario. “The Spirit Level at 15.” Equality Trust, 14 Oct. 2024, equalitytrust.org.uk/evidence-base/the-spirit-level-at-15/.  

“Hi-Tech Sound Effects” courtesy of SoundLovesMe.

“Mataloa.” Youtube, Te Vaka, Feb. 2017, https://youtu.be/AsF7WgyJrz8?si=J-oikJqnciim6vvI 

“Matt Rempe ❌ Match Penalty ❌ Against Nathan Bastian.” Youtube, ChasingtheBiscuit, Feb. 2024, https://youtu.be/8Y1ZPmhySSA?si=T5WCGaFtfpFtK_l0

“NHL/Mic'd Up (Trash Talk and Chirps).” Youtube, Alyssa Hope Extras, Feb. 2024, https://youtu.be/o-1v5iJDAIc?si=irMHIPCmewsrI8XP 

Photo and Video courtesy of Chauncey Morgan. 

“Quill Writing Movement Sound Effect” courtesy of SFX Frenzy.

“Risers Sound Effect Pack” courtesy of Zachary Will. 

“Surface of the Moon” music courtesy of John Patitucci, Youtube Audio Library.

“The Gentleman” music courtesy of DivKid, Youtube Audio Library.

“The Marble Cinematic University” music courtesy of Ezra Lipp, Youtube Audio Library

“Top 10 NHL fights of all time | NBC Sports.” Youtube, NBC Sports, Nov. 2019. https://youtu.be/H_neSjf8QMA?si=BVuSlERoPZ7P-csj 

“Whoosh & Swoosh Sound Effects” courtesy of Kaushal Creation.

“Most expensive Superyacht” Instagram, @ultrarichsociety, March 2025 https://www.instagram.com/reel/DHBg33uIfbF/?igsh=MTJsbHU1aWZqZThoOQ==

“Lamborghini Urus” Instagram, @bamacooley, March 2025https://www.instagram.com/reel/C8IJ54eP9WG/?igsh=c2lyeGxncDc0cXdq

“Pissed off but it is what it is” Instagram, @headieone, March 2025https://www.instagram.com/reel/DG3vspdzMAr/?igsh=MWh5OHc2cHgycnRkZw==

“Dirty Cash” Instagram, @kylie.saver, March 2025 https://www.instagram.com/reel/DEmyeFWofbm/?igsh=MXdwZG1ybXA4YWNrcQ==

“Top 5 Cars owned by Christiano Ronaldo” Instagram, @crxtianoo, March 2025 https://www.instagram.com/reel/C5ytxJzIvRZ/?igsh=MWlheW12Y28xYWRieg==

“I am not that rich” Instagram, @_founders_blueprint_ , March 2025https://www.instagram.com/reel/DHBX9RIBALJ/?igsh=dWszcm1qcHhqNjhs

“Money exchange” Instagram, @whacky_patroll, March 2025https://www.instagram.com/reel/DEObBT7ybNF/?igsh=MWRnMHdtNjNiNDFiaw==

“Mansion” Instagram, @Austinsellsvegas, March 2025https://www.instagram.com/reel/ChAiIXwD9yp/?utm_source=ig_web_copy_link&igsh=MzRlODBiNWFlZA==

“Joe Kelley fights Tyler Austin”, Youtube, March 2024 https://youtu.be/b_lULj6v804?si=QRAVgUNBaW1vCb8V

“Troy Deeney last minute goal vs Leicester”, Youtube, Watford Football Club https://youtu.be/kJYtDPcd-fU?si=55zlWwE95j8L2she

“UCLA vs Gonzaga” Youtube, 805bruin, https://youtu.be/TlS1_WWTr-Y?si=YdcCTaZBclfwfuR3

“Lebron chalk toss”, Youtube, NBA

https://youtu.be/aebUKc_6cok?si=tM1wdOMUe_OCBzgA

“Alex Morgan Celebration” Youtube, FIFA

https://youtu.be/UeGZkwpF-4w?si=LKHJ1GuscFKQx3IZ

“LA Kings win 2014 Stanley Cup” Youtube, NHL https://youtu.be/C4SVih8Rn5Y?si=2fFys69P8eBu5W5C






Allan, Steven, and Paul Gilbert. “A social comparison scale: Psychometric Properties and relationship to psychopathology.” Personality and Individual Differences, vol. 19, no. 3, Sept. 1995, pp. 293–299, https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(95)00086-l.
 

Kein. “Sciendo.” Self-Competition versus Internal Competition, intapi.sciendo.com/pdf/10.2478/v10141-009-0038-5. Accessed 29 Oct. 2024. https://intapi.sciendo.com/pdf/10.2478/v10141-009-0038-5


Phillips, Carron J. “Deadspin: Like ‘thug’ and ‘Woke’ - ‘Classless’ Is the New Way to Call Black People the N-Word.” Deadspin.Com, Deadspin, deadspin.com/lsu-iowa-angel-reese-classless-caitlin-clark-trash-talk-1850293837/. Accessed 28 Oct. 2024. 


Taylor, DeAnna. “There’s a Double Standard in the WNBA & It’s Not Angel Reese’s - or Caitlin Clark’s - Fault.” WNBA’s Racism Bias: Why Reese and Clark Aren’t at Fault, www.refinery29.com/en-us/2024/10/11789800/wnba-racism-controversy-angel-reese-caitlin-clark. Accessed 28 Oct. 2024. 


Kalra, Ashish, et al. “‘A Little Competition Goes a Long Way’: Substitutive Effects of Emotional Intelligence and Workplace Competition on Salesperson Creative Selling - Marketing Letters.” SpringerLink, Springer US, 29 Oct. 2021, link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11002-021-09599-z. 

Klynn, Bethany. “How to Handle Internal Competition: Lead Read Today.” Lead Read Today | Fisher College of Business, 22 Sept. 2020, fisher.osu.edu/blogs/leadreadtoday/how-handle-internal-competition. 

Kein. “Sciendo.” Self-Competition versus Internal Competition, intapi.sciendo.com/pdf/10.2478/v10141-009-0038-5. Accessed 29 Oct. 2024. 

Robinson, Erin. “Workplace Competition: Why We Compete at Work.” Hogan Assessments, 16 Apr. 2024, www.hoganassessments.com/blog/workplace-competition-why-we-compete-at-work/. 


Foster, Gaby. “Opinion: Club Sports Have Gone Too Far - M-A Chronicle.” M-A Chronicle, 25 May 2024, machronicle.com/opinion-club-sports-have-gone-too-far/. 

Friedman, Herbert L. “Culture and Adolescent Development.” Journal of Adolescent Health, July 1999, www.jahonline.org/article/S1054-139X(99)00047-6/fulltext. 

Gattis, Courtney, and Matt Moore. “A Conceptual Analysis of Maltreatment in Sports: A Sport Social Work Perspective.” Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, U.S. National Library of Medicine, 3 Nov. 2022, pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9669431/. 

Glik, Rachel. “The Competitive Couple: How to Avoid This Toxic Dynamic.” Dr. Rachel Glik, Dr. Rachel Glik, 27 July 2018, www.drrachelglik.com/blog-posts/2018/7/26/the-competitive-couple-how-to-avoid-this-toxic-dynamic. 

Moses, Ginny. “Competitive Youth Sports and the Rise of Overuse, Burnout, and Career-Ending Injury.” PIT Journal, 2015, pitjournal.unc.edu/2023/01/12/competitive-youth-sports-and-the-rise-of-overuse-burnout-and-career-ending-injury/. 

“Sports Psychologist Demographics and Statistics [2024]: Number of Sports Psychologists in the US.” Sports Psychologist Demographics and Statistics [2024]: Number Of Sports Psychologists In The US, 5 Apr. 2024, www.zippia.com/sports-psychologist-jobs/demographics/. 

Stenson, Jacqueline. “Pushing Too Hard Too Young.” NBCNews.Com, NBCUniversal News Group, 29 Apr. 2004, www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna4556235. 

“Youth Sports Facts: Participation Rates.” Project Play, 2023, projectplay.org/youth-sports/facts/participation-rates. 

Bassett, Abigail. “Why More and More Companies Post Fake Jobs and Actually Interview Candidates for Them.” Observer, 10 July 2024, observer.com/2024/07/ghost-jobs-interview-employer-motivation/#:~:text=A%20survey%20by%20ResumeBuilder%20last,staffing%20world%2C%20it%27s%20not%20new. 

Demiral, Elif E., and Johanna Mollerstrom. “Competitiveness and Employability.” Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics, North-Holland, 2 Apr. 2024, www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214804324000478?via%3Dihub. 

Ferguson, Stephanie, and Makinizi Hoover. “Understanding America’s Labor Shortage: The Most Impacted Industries.” U.S. Chamber of Commerce, U.S. Chamber of Commerce, 15 Oct. 2024,
www.uschamber.com/workforce/understanding-americas-labor-shortage-the-most-impacted-industries. 

Kelly, Jack. “With Fewer Jobs Available, Competition Intensifies for White-Collar Workers.” Forbes, Forbes Magazine, 25 Sept. 2024, www.forbes.com/sites/jackkelly/2024/09/10/with-fewer-jobs-available-competition-intensifies-for-white-collar-workers/#. 

“United States Employment Rate.” Trading Economics, 2024, tradingeconomics.com/united-states/employment-rate#:~:text=Employment%20Rate%20in%20the%20United%20States%20averaged%2059.25%20percent%20from,U.S.%20Bureau%20of%20Labor%20Statistics. 

Yong, Jose C., et al. “Interactive Effects of Intrasexual Competitiveness, Same-Sex Competition, and Physical Attractiveness on Temporal Discounting.” Personality and Individual Differences, vol. 232, Jan. 2025. EBSCOhost, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2024.112843.

Zhang, Peilu, et al. “Social Roles and Competitiveness: My Willingness to Compete Depends on Who I Am (Supposed to Be).” Games and Economic Behavior, Academic Press, 21 Nov. 2023, www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0899825623001756?via%3Dihub. 

Niederle, Muriel, and Lise Vesterlund. Do Women Shy Away from Competition? Do Men Compete ..., Aug. 2007, web.stanford.edu/~niederle/Niederle.Vesterlund.QJE.2007.pdf. 

Wilkinson, Richard G., and Kate E. Pickett. “The enemy between us: The psychological and social costs of inequality.” European Journal of Social Psychology, vol. 47, no. 1, Feb. 2017, pp. 11–24, https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2275. 

Bowker, Anne, and Leanne C Findley. “The Link between Competitive Sport Participation and Self-Concept in Early Adolescence: A Consideration of Gender and Sport Orientation | Request PDF.” The Link between Competitive Sport Participation and Self-Concept in Early Adolescence: A Consideration of Gender and Sport Orientation, www.researchgate.net/publication/26699795_The_Link_between_Competitive_Sport_Participation_and_Self-concept_in_Early_Adolescence_A_Consideration_of_Gender_and_Sport_Orientation. Accessed 29 Oct. 2024. 

Oyserman, Daphna, and Mesmin Destin. “Identity-Based Motivation: Implications for Intervention.” The Counseling Psychologist, U.S. National Library of Medicine, Oct. 2010, pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3079278/. 

Learning Preferences and Motivation of Different Ability Students for Social-Competition 

or Self-Competition 

Author(s): Zhi-Hong Chen 

Source: Journal of Educational Technology & Society, Vol. 17, No. 1, Game Based Learning for 21st Century Transferable Skills: Challenges and Opportunities (January 2014), pp. 

283-293 

Published by: International Forum of Educational Technology & Society 

Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/jeductechsoci.17.1.283 

Kalra, Ashish, et al. “‘A Little Competition Goes a Long Way’: Substitutive Effects of Emotional Intelligence and Workplace Competition on Salesperson Creative Selling - Marketing Letters.” SpringerLink, Springer US, 29 Oct. 2021, link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11002-021-09599-z. 

Klynn, Bethany. “How to Handle Internal Competition: Lead Read Today.” Lead Read Today | Fisher College of Business, 22 Sept. 2020, fisher.osu.edu/blogs/leadreadtoday/how-handle-internal-competition. 

Kein. “Sciendo.” Self-Competition versus Internal Competition, intapi.sciendo.com/pdf/10.2478/v10141-009-0038-5. Accessed 29 Oct. 2024. 

Robinson, Erin. “Workplace Competition: Why We Compete at Work.” Hogan Assessments, 16 Apr. 2024, www.hoganassessments.com/blog/workplace-competition-why-we-compete-at-work/. 

Smith, Chris, director. Operation Varsity Blues. Netflix, 2021. 

Sommet, Nicolas, et al. “Income Inequality Predicts Competitiveness and Cooperativeness at School.” Journal of Educational Psychology, vol. 115, no. 1, Jan. 2023, pp. 173–91. EBSCOhost, https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000731.


“Health Consequences of Youth Sport Specialization | Journal of Athletic Training.” Journal of Athletic Training, meridian.allenpress.com/jat/article/54/10/1040/420868/Health-Consequences-of-Youth-Sport-Specialization. Accessed 7 Apr. 2025.


“63X30.” Project Play, projectplay.org/63x30. Accessed 7 Apr. 2025. 

Guidelines, Pitching. “Pitch Smart: Guidelines.” MLB.Com, www.mlb.com/pitch-smart/pitching-guidelines. Accessed 7 Apr. 2025. 

Jayanthi, Neeru A., et al. “Health Consequences of Youth Sport Specialization.” Journal of Athletic Training, vol. 54, no. 10, 1 Oct. 2019, pp. 1040–1049, https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-380-18


“Alexis Peters - Freelance Contributor | CBC.” CBCnews, CBC/Radio Canada, www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/author/alexis-peters-1.6580567. Accessed 8 Apr. 2025. 

“Alexis Peters: MRU.” Mount Royal University, www.mtroyal.ca/ProgramsCourses/FacultiesSchoolsCentres/Arts/Departments/SociologyAnthropology/Faculty/AlexisPeters.htm. Accessed 8 Apr. 2025. 

“Personality Tests That Predict Performance.” Hogan Assessments, 7 Oct. 2024, www.hoganassessments.com/. 

Price, Alan. “When a Competitive Workplace Culture Turns Toxic.” Forbes, Forbes Magazine, 13 Aug. 2024, www.forbes.com/councils/forbeshumanresourcescouncil/2022/11/03/when-a-competitive-workplace-culture-turns-toxic/. 

Rose, Emily. “Where Did All the ‘Real’ Jobs Go?” Medium, Medium, 27 Apr. 2021, emily92rochester.medium.com/where-did-all-the-real-jobs-go-17c07b43ce6f. 

Heidi Shierholz is a senior economist and the director of policy at the Economic Policy Institute and a former chief economist at the U.S. Department of Labor.        Read more by Heidi Shierholz, et al. “The Future of Real Jobs: A Prospect Roundtable.” The American Prospect, 14 May 2019, prospect.org/economy/future-real-jobs-prospect-roundtable/. 

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Dr. Robert Hogan “Biology of competition”

Interviewed by Casey Arsenault via Zoom, Saint Michael's College, 

November 2024

Nick Murphy, University of Vermont “Mental wellbeing in sport”

Interviewed by Alex Wiess, Saint Michael’s College

November 2025

Alexis Peters, Mount Royal University  “Hegemonic Masculinity in Sport”

Interviewed by Casey Arsenault via Zoom, Saint Michael’s College

January 2025

Richard Wilknson, University of Nottingham “Income Inequality”

Interviewed by Alex Weiss via Zoom, Saint Michael’s College,

February 2025

Dr. Doug Stillwell, Drake University “Classroom Competition”

Interviewed by Christina Cummings via Zoom, Saint Michael's College

February 2025

Andrew J. Matin, University of New South Wales “Fear of Failure”

Interviewed by Alex Weiss via Zoom, Saint Michael’s College 

February 2025

Pond Hockey Classic Vox Pop “Is this healthy competition”

Interviewed by Casey Arsenault and Christina Cummings, Colchester Vermont

February 2025

Chauncey Morgan, Plymouth State University Alpine Skiing  “College Sports”

Interviewed by Casey Arsenault, Saint Michael’s College,

February 2025

On the street Vox Pop “Have you experienced burnout”

Interviewed by Casey Arsenault, Christina Cummings, and Alex Weiss, Burlington, Vermont

March 2025

Connor Daley,  “You vs Yourself”

Interviewed by Casey Arsenault, Saint Michael’s College

March 2025

“Deebo Samuel 2024 Season Highlights.” YouTube, NFL, Jan. 2025, www.youtube.com/watch?v=owzZfZCPXDc&t=54s

“Donald Trump: The Art of the Insult.” YouTube, The Wall Street Journal, Aug. 2015, www.youtube.com/watch?v=JZRXESV3R74

“Dr Robert Hogan - Leadership, Humility and Competition.” YouTube, The Innovation Show with Aidan McCullen, June 2023, youtu.be/OfyBUH883Sk?si=uMCcX25HZjHcwwiO

“Icelandic Arpeggios.” Youtube, DivKid, December 2021, https://youtu.be/pxoq8jEGbBo?si=i8NH8pIBNjjtaqWh 

“Personality and the Fate of Organizations by Dr Robert Hogan |TechHRSG’19|.” YouTube, PeopleMattersOnline, Mar. 2019, youtu.be/RbrvngY-YLM?si=88HL4fRedrUc1eYm

“Robert Hogan on Personality Psychology.” YouTube, APSHoganUK, February 2024, youtu.be/3g2Y6rljc-E?si=lc-pbo3c5hg7AHIQ

Nature and Animal Stock Video Courtesy of Pond5 (Science_Video, jamejones, CIVID, lenor, RyanJanssens, alexeys, UnikaFilms, Rashevskyi, panya_99, charlespacque, jimWitkowski, thememphiskid, eei_tony, VIDEODIVE, CinematicStockVideo, Viesinsh, buteoarg, WillFalcon, artush)

“acoustic guitar sad melancholy” music courtesy of jjamesjrums, Pond5. 

Animation images generated using AI by Adobe Firefly and Adobe Express.

“Basketball Bounce Sound Effect” courtesy of N Beats.

“Brass horn fanfare - charge!” sound effect courtesy of Epic Stock Media.

“Chase Waves” music courtesy of Karneef, Youtube Audio Library.

“Click Sound Effect” courtesy of Creator Assets. 

“Door Creaking Sound Effect” courtesy of Sound FX. 

“Dreamer” music courtesy of DivKid, Youtube Audio Library. 

“Dusk” music courtesy of DivKid, Youtube Audio Library. 

“Equillibrium” music courtesy of Brock Hewitt, Pond5. 

“Get Over It” music courtesy of Everet Almond, Youtube Audio Library. 

Goodwin, Dario. “The Spirit Level at 15.” Equality Trust, 14 Oct. 2024, equalitytrust.org.uk/evidence-base/the-spirit-level-at-15/.  

“Hi-Tech Sound Effects” courtesy of SoundLovesMe.

“Mataloa.” Youtube, Te Vaka, Feb. 2017, https://youtu.be/AsF7WgyJrz8?si=J-oikJqnciim6vvI 

“Matt Rempe ❌ Match Penalty ❌ Against Nathan Bastian.” Youtube, ChasingtheBiscuit, Feb. 2024, https://youtu.be/8Y1ZPmhySSA?si=T5WCGaFtfpFtK_l0

“NHL/Mic'd Up (Trash Talk and Chirps).” Youtube, Alyssa Hope Extras, Feb. 2024, https://youtu.be/o-1v5iJDAIc?si=irMHIPCmewsrI8XP 

Photo and Video courtesy of Chauncey Morgan. 

“Quill Writing Movement Sound Effect” courtesy of SFX Frenzy.

“Risers Sound Effect Pack” courtesy of Zachary Will. 

“Surface of the Moon” music courtesy of John Patitucci, Youtube Audio Library.

“The Gentleman” music courtesy of DivKid, Youtube Audio Library.

“The Marble Cinematic University” music courtesy of Ezra Lipp, Youtube Audio Library

“Top 10 NHL fights of all time | NBC Sports.” Youtube, NBC Sports, Nov. 2019. https://youtu.be/H_neSjf8QMA?si=BVuSlERoPZ7P-csj 

“Whoosh & Swoosh Sound Effects” courtesy of Kaushal Creation.

“Most expensive Superyacht” Instagram, @ultrarichsociety, March 2025 https://www.instagram.com/reel/DHBg33uIfbF/?igsh=MTJsbHU1aWZqZThoOQ==

“Lamborghini Urus” Instagram, @bamacooley, March 2025https://www.instagram.com/reel/C8IJ54eP9WG/?igsh=c2lyeGxncDc0cXdq

“Pissed off but it is what it is” Instagram, @headieone, March 2025https://www.instagram.com/reel/DG3vspdzMAr/?igsh=MWh5OHc2cHgycnRkZw==

“Dirty Cash” Instagram, @kylie.saver, March 2025 https://www.instagram.com/reel/DEmyeFWofbm/?igsh=MXdwZG1ybXA4YWNrcQ==

“Top 5 Cars owned by Christiano Ronaldo” Instagram, @crxtianoo, March 2025 https://www.instagram.com/reel/C5ytxJzIvRZ/?igsh=MWlheW12Y28xYWRieg==

“I am not that rich” Instagram, @_founders_blueprint_ , March 2025https://www.instagram.com/reel/DHBX9RIBALJ/?igsh=dWszcm1qcHhqNjhs

“Money exchange” Instagram, @whacky_patroll, March 2025https://www.instagram.com/reel/DEObBT7ybNF/?igsh=MWRnMHdtNjNiNDFiaw==

“Mansion” Instagram, @Austinsellsvegas, March 2025https://www.instagram.com/reel/ChAiIXwD9yp/?utm_source=ig_web_copy_link&igsh=MzRlODBiNWFlZA==

“Joe Kelley fights Tyler Austin”, Youtube, March 2024 https://youtu.be/b_lULj6v804?si=QRAVgUNBaW1vCb8V

“Troy Deeney last minute goal vs Leicester”, Youtube, Watford Football Club https://youtu.be/kJYtDPcd-fU?si=55zlWwE95j8L2she

“UCLA vs Gonzaga” Youtube, 805bruin, https://youtu.be/TlS1_WWTr-Y?si=YdcCTaZBclfwfuR3

“Lebron chalk toss”, Youtube, NBA

https://youtu.be/aebUKc_6cok?si=tM1wdOMUe_OCBzgA

“Alex Morgan Celebration” Youtube, FIFA

https://youtu.be/UeGZkwpF-4w?si=LKHJ1GuscFKQx3IZ

“LA Kings win 2014 Stanley Cup” Youtube, NHL https://youtu.be/C4SVih8Rn5Y?si=2fFys69P8eBu5W5C